RABSEL
https://journal.pce.edu.bt/index.php/rabsel
<p>The CERD Educational Journal is published twice a year in Spring (May) and Autumn (November) by the Centre for Educational Research and Development, Paro College of Education, Royal University of Bhutan. The Journal welcomes contributors which promote the exchange of ideas and rational discourse between practicing educators, researchers, planners, administrators, educational thinkers and practitioners, learners and policy makers from Bhutan and abroad. To this end the Journal publishes articles on empirical and theoretical studies, research reports, commentaries and scholarly reviews that attempt a systematic analysis or synthesis of educational processes and systems from different viewpoints and approaches.</p>CERDen-USRABSEL2077-4966གཞི་རིམ་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཁག་གི་སློབ་དཔློན་དང་ གཞུང་གྲྭ་ཚང་གི་གཞི་རིམ་སློར་ཀློག་གི་སློབ་དཔློན་ཚུའི་བར་ན་ སློར་ཀློག་ རྐྱབ་ཐངས་ཀྱི་ཁྱད་པར་དང་ འློས་འབབ་ལུ་དཔྱད་པ།
https://journal.pce.edu.bt/index.php/rabsel/article/view/247
<p>རང་གི་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཀྱི་སྐད་ཡིག་འདི་ ཡློན་ཏན་འབྱུང་སའི་སྒོ་བཟུམ་ཅིག་དང་ ལམ་ལུགས་སློལ་གྱི་སློག་ཤིང་བཟུམ་ཅིག་ཨིན།<br>སློབ་ཕྲུག་ཚུ་ལུ་ སྐད་ཡིག་གི་ཡློན་ཏན་དང་ལྕོགས་གྲུབ་ལེགས་ཤློམ་འློང་དགོ་པ་ཅིན་ སྐད་ཡིག་གི་རིག་རྩལ་བཞི་ལུ་ ལྷབ་སང་<br>ལེགས་ཤློམ་སྦེ་འབད་བཅུག་དགོ། རིག་རྩལ་བཞི་ལས་ ལྷག་ནིའི་རིག་རྩལ་ལུ་ གོམས་སང་ཚུད་བཅུག་ནིའི་ཐབས་ལམ་གཙློ་བློ་<br>ཅིག་ སློར་ཀློག་རྐྱབ་ཐངས་ཀྱི་སང་བ་ཚུལ་མཐུན་སྦེ་བྱིན་ཏེ་ སློར་ཀློག་ཞགཔ་སྦེ་རྐྱབ་བཅུག་ནི་འདི་ཨིནམ་ལས་ གཞི་རིམ་སློབ་<br>གྲྭ་དང་གྲྭ་ཚང་ཁག་གི་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཚུ་ནང་ལུ་ སློར་ཀློག་གི་སང་བ་བྱིན་དང་བྱིན་བཞིན་ཡློད། ཨིན་རུང་ འབྲུག་གི་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཁག་དང་གྲྭ་<br>ཚང་ཁག་ལུ་ སློར་ཀློག་རྐྱབ་ཐངས་མ་འདྲཝ་ལེ་ཤ་ར་དར་ཁྱབ་སློང་སྟེ་ སློར་ཀློག་རྐྱབ་ཐངས་ཚུལ་མཐུན་ཡློད་མེད་ཀྱི་ཁྱད་པར་ཕྱེ་<br>མ་ཚུགས་པར་ལུས་ཏེ་འདུག། ད་ལློ་ཚུན་ཚློད་ དློན་ཚན་དེའི་ཐློག་ལུ་མ་འདྲ་བའི་ཁྱད་པར་ ག་དེ་སྦེ་ར་འདུག་ག་དང་ འློས་འབབ་<br>ཡློད་མེད་ཚུ་ ཞིབ་འཚློལ་འབད་འབདཝ་མ་པ་ལས་མི་འདུག། དེ་འབདཝ་ལས་ ཞིབ་འཚློལ་འདི་ནང་ལུ་ ཤེས་རིག་ལྷན་ཁག་<br>འློག་གི་གཞི་རིམ་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཁག་དང་ གྲྭ་ཚང་ཁག་གི་གཞི་རིམ་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཚུ་ནང་ལུ་ སློར་ཀློག་རྐྱབ་ཐངས་ཀྱི་ཁྱད་པར་ ག་དེ་སྦེ་ར་<br>འདུག་ག་དང་། སློར་ཀློག་རྐྱབ་ཐངས་མ་འདྲཝ་ཚུ་ལུ་ འློས་འབབ་ཡློད་མེད་དབྱེ་ཞིབ་འབད་ཡི། སློར་ཀློག་རྐྱབ་ཐངས་ཀྱི་ཁྱད་པར་<br>དང་ འློས་འབབ་ཡློད་མེད་འཚློལ་ཞིབ་འབད་བའི་སྐབས་ལུ་ ཁུངས་བཙན་ཐབས་ལམ་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་སྟེ་ རློང་ཁག་ ༦ ནང་<br>གི་གཞི་རིམ་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཁག་ ༣༣ ནང་ལས་ སློར་ཀློག་སློན་མི་སློབ་དཔློན་ ༧༥ དང་ གཞུང་གྲྭ་ཚང་གི་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཁག་ ༣ ལས་<br>སློར་ཀློག་སློན་མི་སློབ་དཔློན་ ༡༥ ། དེ་ལས་ བཤད་གྲྭ་དང་གྲྭ་ཚང་། གཙུག་སྡེ་དང་ལས་སྡེ་ཁག་ལས་ རྩློམ་འབྲིཔ་དང་ཤེས་</p> <p>རིག་མཁས་མཆོག་ ༩ དང་གཅིག་ཁར་འཕྱད་དེ་ གནས་སྡུད་བསྡུ་ལེན་དང་དབྱེ་དཔྱད་འབད་བལཝ་ད་ ཁྱད་པར་ལེ་ཤ་ར་<br>ཡློདཔ་སྦེ་ མངོན་གསལ་བྱུངམ་མ་ཚད་ འཛློལ་བ་དང་ལེགས་བཅོས་འབད་དགོཔ་ཚུ་ཡང་ཡློདཔ་སྦེ་ གསལ་འཐློན་བྱུང་མི་ཚུ་<br>ཞིབ་འཚློལ་སྙན་ཞུ་ནང་ལུ་བཀོད་དེ་ཡློད། ཞིབ་འཚློལ་འདི་ལུ་བརྟེན་ཏེ་ སློབ་གྲྭ་ཁག་གི་གཞི་རིམ་རློང་ཁ་སློབ་དཔློན་དང་ གྲྭ་ཚང་<br>ཁག་གི་གཞི་རིམ་སློབ་དཔློན། དེ་ལས་འབྲེལ་ཡློད་ལས་སྡེ་དང་ལྷན་ཁག་ཚུ་ལུ་ཡང་ ཁེ་ཕན་འབྱུང་ཚུགས་པའི་རེ་བ་བསྐྱེདཔ་ཨིན།</p>Samten Tharchen
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2026-05-282026-05-28262Assessing the status of ICT integration in Science Education in Secondary Schools
https://journal.pce.edu.bt/index.php/rabsel/article/view/248
<p>ICT plays an important role in science education by providing real-world experiences and helping students to visualise abstract concepts for better understanding. However, its actual integration in science education remains uncertain, as studies often report of a teacher-centric approach to teaching. This study aimed to assess the status of ICT integration in science education in Bhutanese secondary schools. A concurrent exploratory mixed method design was implemented across 15 secondary schools from four regions of Bhutan, including urban, semi-urban and rural schools. A total of 2,228 students, 63 teachers, and 13 principals participated in the survey, and 12 individual interviews were conducted. The study found that teachers and students hold positive attitudes towards ICT. They demonstrated confidence in using basic tools but showed weak competence with interactive digital tools. While policies exist, the meaningful integration of ICT is constrained by limited availability and access to facilities and resources, minimal teacher preparedness, and insufficient preparation time for teachers. Addressing these limitations and revising policies may help bridge the gap between the current status and the potential of ICT, enabling teachers to implement science curricula more effectively promoting enhanced learning.</p>Karma Utha
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2026-05-282026-05-28262Students’ Practices of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies: A case Study at Samtse College of Education
https://journal.pce.edu.bt/index.php/rabsel/article/view/249
<p>This study explored the self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies of students at Samtse College of Education (SCE) using a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design. The study employed quantitative survey data from 151 students, with qualitative insights from focus-group interviews. The findings revealed that while students demonstrated autonomy, motivation and goal setting, they lacked a comprehensive understanding of effective SRL processes. Notably, Master of Education (M.Ed) students exhibited stronger self-regulation skills compared to postgraduate diploma and undergraduate students. The research underscores the importance of academic tasks in nurturing SRL strategies in grooming competent 21<sup>st</sup> century teachers. The study recommends SRL scaffolding (goal setting, planning, and self-assessment) and early intervention at the undergraduate level, alongside teacher training to promote learner autonomy and reduce dependence on tutor feedback. These interventions aim to cultivate a learning environment that nurtures autonomy, reflection, and strategic thinking, equipping students for better academic success and lifelong learning.</p>Sangay TsheringChenga DorjiMan Singh Singer
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2026-05-282026-05-28262From Ritual to Responsibility: Rethinking Environmental Citizenship in Bhutanese Schools
https://journal.pce.edu.bt/index.php/rabsel/article/view/250
<p>Environmental citizenship is increasingly recognised as an important goal of education, yet in many contexts it is fragmented across subjects or approached primarily through scientific knowledge, with limited attention to its ethical, cultural, and civic dimensions. In Bhutan, this raises questions about how schooling can build on existing forms of environmental responsibility embedded in everyday life. This study examines the role of social studies in supporting environmental citizenship, particularly in middle schools. Drawing on a qualitative ethnographic case study, data were collected through interviews with teachers and parents, classroom and school-based observations, and analysis of curriculum and policy documents. The findings of the study show that environmental responsibility is not new for young Bhutanese students. These responsibilities are lived and practised in their daily lives at home and in the community. However, school-based practices often focus on routine activities with limited integration of meaning, values, and lived experience. The paper argues that social studies has a potential to connect ecological knowledge with cultural values, ethical reasoning, and civic responsibility. It suggests that strengthening such curricular spaces is essential for supporting contextually grounded environmental citizenship in Bhutanese education.</p>Sonam DorjiRick Flowers
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2026-05-282026-05-28262Impact of Hands-on Learning Activities on Students’ Understanding of Biological Concepts
https://journal.pce.edu.bt/index.php/rabsel/article/view/255
<p>This study examined the impact of hands-on learning activities on Grade 10 students’ understanding of biological concepts in a Bhutanese higher secondary school. Guided by the Constructivist Theory and the AIR (Authentic, Intentional, and Reflective) framework, the research employed a quasi-experimental mixed-methods design. A total of 78 students were assigned to control and experimental groups. Data were collected using pre-tests, post-tests, Likert-scale questionnaires, focus group discussions, and open-ended responses. Quantitative findings showed no significant difference in pre-test scores between the two groups, confirming comparable starting levels. However, post-test analysis revealed a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group (p = 0.044), demonstrating that hands-on learning positively influenced academic achievement. Students also expressed highly favourable perceptions toward the approach, with an overall mean score of 4.51. A moderate positive correlation was found between student perception and academic performance (r = 0.501, p < 0.001), suggesting that students who valued the learning experience tended to achieve better results. Qualitative findings reinforced the statistical results, identifying key themes such as stronger conceptual understanding, higher engagement, improved collaboration, practical skill development, and better connections between classroom learning and real-life experiences. Although minor challenges such as time limitations and unequal participation were noted, the study concludes that well-structured hands-on learning significantly improves student understanding, motivation, and participation in biology education.</p>Sonam Zangmo
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2026-05-282026-05-28262འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ནང་ སྙན་ཆ་ སྒྲ་སྙན་ཤེས་ཡོན་གྱི་སྲོལ་རྒྱུན་ཞིབ་འཇུག།
https://journal.pce.edu.bt/index.php/rabsel/article/view/252
<p>འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ནང་ རང་ལུགས་ཀྱི་སྙན་ཆ་མ་འདྲཝ་ སྒྲ་སྙན། པྱི་ཝང་། གླིངམ། དབྱངས་ཅན་ལ་སོགས་པ་ཡོད་པའི་ནང་ལས་ ཡོངས་གྲགས་ཅན་གྱི་སྙན་ཆ་ སྒྲ་སྙན་ཤེས་ཡོན་གྱི་སྐོར་ལས་ ཞིབ་འཚོལ་གྱི་ཐོག་ལས་ ཡིག་ཐོག་ལུ་བཀོད་དེ་མིན་འདུག།</p> <p>འདི་འབདཝ་ལས་ སྒྲ་སྙན་བཟོ་ཐངས་དང་ ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་ཐངས། སྒྲ་སྙན་གྱི་གོ་དོན་དང་མིང་གི་རྣམ་གྲངས། འབྱུང་ཁུངས་</p> <p>དང་དགོས་པ། རྒྱུ་ཆས་དང་བརྡ་དོན་རྟགས་གསུམ། དམིགས་གསལ་གྱི་ སྒྲ་སྙན་ལྷབ་སྟོན་འབད་ཐངས་ཀྱི་གོ་རིམ་ཚུ་ ཁ་</p> <p>གསལ་སྦེ་ཤེས་ཚུགས་ནིའི་དོན་ལུ་ འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ནང་སྙན་ཆ་ སྒྲ་སྙན་གྱི་ཤེས་ཡོན་དར་ཁྱབ་ག་དེ་འབད་ཡོད་ག་བརྟག་དཔྱད་ ཟེར་བའི་དོན་ཚན་གྱི་ཐོག་ལུ་ འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ནང་ སྒྲ་སྙན་གྱི་མཁས་མཆོག་དང་ སྙན་ཆ་དང་འབྲེལ་བའི་ཞིབ་འཚོལ་ནང་</p> <p>ཉམས་མྱོང་ཡོད་མི། སྙན་ཆའི་སློབ་དཔོན་དང་སྙན་ཆ་བཟོ་མི་བཅས་ དབྱེ་ཁག་མ་འདྲཝ་བཞི་ལས་ མོ་མེད་པའི་ ཕོ་ མི་གྲངས་</p> <p>༩ ལས་ ཞིབ་འཚོལ་གྱི་ཐབས་ལམ་ ཁུངས་བཙན་ཐབས་ཤེས་ཀྱི་ནང་ལས་ གནད་དོན་ཞིབ་འཇུག་གི་ཐོག་ལས་ དམིགས་</p> <p>གཏད་ཀྱི་དྲི་བ་དྲིས་ལན་དང་། ཡིག་ཆ་དབྱེ་དཔྱད། ལྟ་རྟོག་གསུམ་མཁོ་ཆས་སྦེ་ ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་སྟེ་ ཞིབ་འཚོལ་འབད་ཡི།</p> <p>དེའི་སྐབས་ལུ་ འབྱུང་རབ་དང་ལག་ལེན། བཟོ་ཐངས་དང་བཟོ་བཀོད། སྐྲོག་ཐངས་ཀྱི་ཐབས་ཤེས་དང་རིག་རྩལ་ཁྱད་ཆོས་ བཅས་ དབྱེ་ཁག་གསུམ་སྦེ་ཐོན་ཏེ་ཡོད་མི་ཚུ་ བཤམ་གསལ་གྲུབ་འབྲས་གསལ་སྟོན་ནང་འཁོད་དེ་ཡོདཔ་ཨིན།</p>Tshering DorjiTashi Tobgay
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2026-05-282026-05-28262Teacher Attrition: Effects on Teachers’ Well-being, Resource Allocation, Leadership Support, and Passion
https://journal.pce.edu.bt/index.php/rabsel/article/view/253
<p>Teacher attrition has become a growing concern in Bhutan with an increasing number of teachers leaving the system. This study explored the implications of teacher attrition on teachers’ well-being, organisational, and system-level effects. Using a sequential explanatory design, quantitative data were gathered from 68 higher secondary school teachers and qualitative data from 12 teachers. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while the qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings showed that teacher attrition has increased the workload for remaining teachers, affecting their professional and emotional well-being. The findings also highlighted a need for a more responsive leadership from the Ministry of Education and Skills Development to connect policy with practice. At the school level, supportive leadership was found to motivate teachers, while authoritarian practices lowered teachers’ morale. Despite these challenges, the findings showed that teachers’ passion for teaching has not deteriorated. The study recommends structured succession planning and reducing non-teaching tasks for maintaining teacher motivation, lowering stress, and ensuring quality education in Bhutan.</p>YangdonKarma UthaTshering Om Tamang
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2026-05-282026-05-28262Parental Marital Status and Its Association with Child Mental Health (Anxiety & Depression) in Drukgyel Central School, Paro
https://journal.pce.edu.bt/index.php/rabsel/article/view/254
<p>This study examined the relationship between parental marital status (intact, divorced, widowed, separated) and children’s mental health, particularly the prevalence of anxiety and depression among children in varying family structures within the unique and evolving socio-cultural context of Bhutan. A survey was administered to 367 Bhutanese children in grades seven to 12. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7; anxiety) questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; depression), and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. Although the study found no significant difference in depression levels among children, the results indicated a significant difference in anxiety levels between children from intact and non-intact families. Therefore, there is an urgent need for culturally specific policy interventions in Bhutanese schools and communities to support the mental health of children from diverse family structures and rapidly changing family environments.</p>WangmoKelzang WangdiUgyen DorjiSonam DendupSalim Lepcha
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2026-05-282026-05-28262